Sample answer. Clearly an army doctor, then. Experts are tested by Chegg as specialists in their subject area. Psychology is a social science discipline. Singular explanationsthat the butler did it, or that the man was a Marine sergeantare designed to apply to a very specific thing or eventto this particular murder or to that particular mans physical characteristics. Which of the following refers to a broad explanation or group of explanations for some aspect of the natural world that is consistently supported by evidence over time? It always does reappear after an eclipse when much noise occurs. c. Aggression will occur only if socially learned cues signal that it is appropriate to be aggressive in a particular situation. Why would you try to persuade your friend of something you have both just agreed is true? Which of the following is not involved in critical thinking? And it is highly probable that we will have any observation at all. So, an unfalsifiable explanation fails the improbable outcome test. . e. none of the above, b. behavior directed toward the goal of harming a person who is motivated to avoid such treatment, Smith's research concerning violence in hockey showed that But the second letter, using the same observable outcome, offers an alternative explanationnamely, that a plumber visited, left the pipe, then surreptitiously retrieved it. a. aggressive behavior and media violence. Bandura's research showed that children who saw adult models commit violent acts repeated those acts more than children who were not exposed to such aggressive models. The first point of distinction is chronological. A scientific theory is supported by testable and reproducible data. Rabinoffs paper asserted that there was a correlation between TM practitioners desiring warmer weather on one evening and the occurrence of unusually warm weather the following day. The group taking vitamin C has substantially fewer colds than the group taking the placebo. Explanatory Impotence Explanatory impotence is the opposite of explanatory power. What is the prior probability of this alternative? c. aggressive play is discouraged by coaches and parents But this does not make the special-powers explanation more probable than the deception explanation; it simply enlarges the deception. Web1) Direct observation of phenomena, empirically testable hypotheses, and the ability to rule out rival hypotheses are all essential tenets of the ________. B. hypothesis? It just plain disappeared. From what Ive told you, what conclusions would you draw? Carl Hempel, The Philosophy of Natural Science. And my wife has never smoked anything. A frequently observed and poorly understood phenomenon in which there is a positive response to treatment with an inactive substance. Which system accumulates the costs for each department or process within the factory? Explanatory/ Causal /Bivariate Hypothesis. 2. B. A proposed explanation for observed phenomena. Shes still really a kittenin fact, shes so small I had to seal up the holes in the garage wall to be sure she didnt slip out and get lostbut she really did the job. His argument would gain some logical strength if, when we looked for them, we could find sexual images in advertisements more often than we find them in the clouds. causation. But the more moving parts a machine has, the more likely it is that it will break downso a well-designed machine includes no more parts than absolutely required. The argument concludes with the assertion of the explanation. A It includes the presumption of Specialists found the cause by taking motion pictures of the patients vocal cords during an attack and during a normal period. It is an argument. Penelope studies how the structure and function of the nervous system is related to behavior. My argument may provide a small measure of logical support for its conclusion, but what it does not do is rule out the following alternative explanations: A more careful test of the same theory would rule out these alternatives by using two large groupsone group that receives Vitamin C and a control group that receives a placeboin a double blind test. How often do plumbers leave water spraying everywhere rather than turning it offif not at the faucet, then at the main? If the answer is yes, then the argument is at least moderately strong (assuming it has not failed the first part of the total evidence condition). We typically favor the explanations with the highest prior probability. [3], This can be a powerful evaluative tool. As improbable as the Holocaust explanation ismercifully, such evils happen so seldom that its prior probability is quite lowthe hoax explanation is vanishingly probable. It is not likely that we would now call it Halleys sun. . It is much harder to invent an explanation that successfully predicts future observations. d. Want to create or adapt books like this? WebIntrospection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible. Select the correctly ordered list of psychological theorists, with the earliest theorist listed first. In this statement Stern clearly indicated that _________ morality would not be accepted or tolerated. Sample exercise. Sample answer. Organisms are able to maintain relatively constant internal conditions that may differ from the external environment. Write a paragraph about the 1760 s in the American colonies in which you use these vocabulary words: Why did Austria-Hungary object to Serbia's desire to establish an independent state? Another way to put this is to ask whether there is a satisfactory conceptual framework for the general explanationand whether it is more satisfactory than the alternatives. But you can still ask whether such explanations make sense, and whether they make more sense than the alternative explanations. WebWhich of the following statements is true of an explanatory hypothesis? Treatment: in a research study, any condition applied to subjects - those in the treatment group - that is not applied to subjects in a control group. Exploratory research is defined as a research used to investigate a problem which is not clearly defined. Applying Newtons laws to these data, he boldly made the following prediction: A comet with an orbit similar to the 1530 and 1606 comets will appear in December 1758. And so I do. As the decades passed it was not forgotten, and the comet appeared on Christmas Day, 1758. So I add the premise. WebTranscribed image text: www.bbt.com Our Time.com Cesearch Foundations, Process, and Ethics Savod Which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis? The requirement that it be possible to specify some observable outcome of an explanation that could prove it to be false. the scientific study of mind and behavior. a person's unconscious. d. irreverent More subtle examples are easy to find. Newtons theories, for example, while applied here to Halleys comet, actually cover the motion of all objects at all times. It is easy to invent a convenient explanation for data you already have, but then to disregard failure to fully satisfy the total evidence condition. But the theory of plate tectonics eventually provided a conceptual framework for continental drift, and the explanation no longer has an unacceptably low prior probability. And in the larger world, organisms themselves are organized into many levels: populations, communities, and ecosystems within the biosphere. a. Galileo, Torricellis contemporary, attempted to test this by carrying a crude barometer to the top of a tall building, but the difference in the barometric reading between the base and the top of the building was negligible. All of these. But, as Hempel suggests, that is not all they requirethey require imagination. Why does this fall short of qualifying as an example of the scientific method? It makes no statement with respect to causation. (The Vitamin C example is similar; one reason that researchers have not worked harder at collecting evidence for the theory is because it is unclear how it would work. Normally scientists can trace meteorites back to comets and asteroids, debris left over from the formation of the solar system 4.6 billion years ago. ________________ makes scientific-sounding claims that are not supported by trustworthy, methodical scientific studies. A measurable entity that is available at the start of a process being observed and the value of which can be changed as required; generally represented on the x-axis in a graph. Being a plumber, I was summoned to the home of an attractive woman to repair a faulty shower nozzle that was spraying water all over her bathroom. What is the MOST IMPORTANT flaw in this investigation? Suppose the prior probability that the butler did it was .10, likewise for the chambermaid. How to Think about High Enough Prior Probability of Explanation. To test for this, there are several questions that can require yes answers. A. A comet with an orbit similar to the 1530 and 1606 comets did appear in December 1758. Observable outcome: As my horoscope says, at 3:00 today my bank will call and tell me that they have gone bankrupt and my life savings is lost. Another contemporary of his, French mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal, suspected that Torricelli was right but that a greater altitude was required to prove it. Chemical analyses of this particular meteorite, however, established that it was only 1.3 billion years old and made of cooled lava. Roughly, since we are not allowing for the cost of commissions, for dividend income, and the like. Another good way to check for an improbable outcome is to ask this: Does another explanation for this outcome already exist? An explanatory argument contends that certain facts can best be explained by a certain theory, and thus that the theory must be true. c. Aggression sometimes facilitates performance and sometimes does not. Statistics show that almost half of those who win baseballs Rookie of the Year honor slump to a worse performance in their second year. Prior probability: higher than moon and Venus alternatives, but still too low to consider the logic of the argument any better than undecidable, since there are problems with the conceptual frameworkscientists cannot understand how a piece of the planet could have been ejected with enough speed without vaporizing.. WebSchedule 1 - Dictionary . The following are illustrative examples of explanatory power. People in the South tend to rate the President more favorably than do people in the North Real estate investment trusts (REITs) experienced a record level of profitability in 2004. Resist the temptation, especially when you can see that coincidence has not been ruled out as an alternative explanation. Our natural tendency to look for outcomes that support our preferred explanation rather than those that might also falsify the alternatives. 1 Definitions In this instrument: chronic renal failure means: (a) having a glomerular filtration rate of less than 15 mL/min/1.73 m 2 for a period of at least 3 months; or (b) a need for renal replacement therapy (dialysis or transplantation) for treatment of complications of decreased glomerular filtration rate A. We are the only two people in this apartment. A hypothesis that proposes a lack of relationship between two factors. b. But it is highly probable, whether my theory is true or false, that the reviews will be good or bad or somewhere in between. Thirty of the 40 who died were men and, says Grayson, most of the male deaths occurred before that of a single woman. Halleys comet provides an extreme example of this; the explanation was formulated in the late 1600s, and the observable outcome was predicted for six decades later. Step 4. The following are illustrative examples of explanatory power. It makes no statement with respect to causation. The line on the chart, I argue, does pass through the six plotted points but otherwise zigzags wildly, say, as follows. Vitamin C is an antioxidant, but exactly how does that connect with the bodys immunity to the cold virus?). \, 4,83,169,3227,-4,-\frac{8}{3},-\frac{16}{9},-\frac{32}{27}, \ldots As a consequence of organisms' ability to reproduce and of evolutionary change, populations may become better adapted to their environments. Oona should conduct research in the area of ________ psychology. But we do not know anything about the actual investment strategies of this newly advertised manager, so we come up empty if we ask whether the explanation makes sense. Who was the first African American to receive a PhD in psychology in the United States? [2] In 1687, Isaac Newton published his monumental Principia. By using the control group, the alternative is ruled out that the effect is somehow induced by the test itself. That rock just smells like Mars, says Robert Pepin of the University of Minnesota. Part of the reason, presumably, was because the jury saw that if they carefully thought about alternative explanations, they might find one with a higher prior probability than the one Lincolns opponent was arguing for. , organisms themselves are organized into many levels: populations, communities, and the like control group, alternative... Alternative explanations why does this fall short of qualifying as an example of the Year slump! Savod which of the scientific method they requirethey require imagination the main process by which someone examines ________ as as! Is an antioxidant, but exactly how does that connect with the highest prior probability effect somehow! Text: www.bbt.com our Time.com Cesearch Foundations, process, and Ethics Savod which of the following is. 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which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis