Background. How did the Greeks influence religion in Rome? How did the Punic Wars affect the Romans? Scipio Africanus the ElderMark Cartwright (CC BY-NC-SA). [65] Getting the oarsmen to row as a unit, let alone to execute more complex battle manoeuvres, required long and arduous training. Wars of the fall of the Western Roman Empire, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punic_Wars&oldid=1135825581, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 27 January 2023, at 02:31. They made it easier to move troops to conflict areas. Scipio Africanus. [212], A large Carthaginian army led by Himilco was sent to relieve the city in 213BC. Had the Carthaginian government better supplied and reinforced Hamilcar, they most probably would have won the war but, instead, they contented themselves with hoarding their wealth and trusted to Hamilcar and his mercenaries to take care of their enemies without the necessary support. During the Pyrrhic War of 280275BC, against a king of Epirus who alternately fought Rome in Italy and Carthage on Sicily, Carthage provided materiel to the Romans and on at least one occasion used its navy to ferry a Roman force. Two of the major Samnite tribes also joined the Carthaginian cause. The Greek historian Polybius, one of the main sources of information about the Punic Wars, was born around 200 B.C. [121] This new fleet effectively blockaded the Carthaginian garrisons. [200][202], Meanwhile, the Romans took drastic steps to raise new legions: enrolling slaves, criminals and those who did not meet the usual property qualification. Infantry were usually positioned in the centre of the battle line, with light infantry skirmishers to their front and cavalry on each flank. Hannibal arrived with 20,000 infantry, 6,000 cavalry and an unknown number of elephants the survivors of the 37 with which he left Iberia[74][165] in what is now Piedmont, northern Italy in early November; the Romans were still in their winter quarters. The king then threw the two babies into the Tiber River. [130] He campaigned successfully, initially demonstrating leniency in an attempt to woo the rebels over. [225] This strategy resulted in two separate battles in 211BC, usually referred to jointly as the battle of the Upper Baetis. He is remembered for expanding and reforming the Roman Republic. [193] Brian Carey writes that these three defeats brought Rome to the brink of collapse. [279] Numerous large Punic cities, such as those in Mauretania, were taken over by the Romans,[280] although they were permitted to retain their Punic system of government. He defeated the Romans at Drepana in 249 BCE but then was forced to withdraw due to a lack of manpower and supplies. "|held in deep respect|sacred| The Punic wars would have ended early, Carthage would have colonized Italy and gone on to become the dominant superpower in the Mediterranean, significantly altering European history as we know it. Second Punic War (218-201 B.C.) 44,000 Roman soldiers died at Cannae compared with 6000 of Hannibal's forces. Rome gained a dominant position in the Mediterranean after defeating Carthage in these wars, and only Greece remained as a power in addition to Rome until Diocletian split the Roman Empire into the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire in 286 C.E. Abandoning that tactic resulted in a major Roman loss at the Battle of Cannae (216); that defeat drew the Romans together, and, though worn down, they managed to rally, eventually defeating Hannibal at the Battle of Zama (202). [16], Other, later, ancient histories of the wars exist, although often in fragmentary or summary form. World History Encyclopedia, 18 Apr 2018. Since Roman authors wrote the history of the wars, they were called Punic Wars because they felt Carthage started them. [167][168] In late November the Carthaginian cavalry routed the cavalry and light infantry of the Romans at the battle of Ticinus. [217][218], In 205BC, Mago landed in Genua in north-west Italy with the remnants of his Spanish army (see Iberia below) where it received Gallic and Ligurian reinforcements. According to the historian Will Durant: Worn out almost equally, the two nations rested for nine years. [281] A century later, the site of Carthage was rebuilt as a Roman city by Julius Caesar; it became one of the main cities of Roman Africa by the time of the Empire. By immobilizing the other ship, and attaching it to their own, the Romans could manipulate a sea engagement through the strategies of a land battle. At the Battle of Cannae in 216 BCE, Hannibal placed his Gauls in the center of his lines, expecting they would give way before the Roman forces. When asked why by his teacher Polybius, he replied, A glorious moment, Polybius; but I have a dread foreboding that some day the same doom will be pronounced on my own country., Imagining the eventual fall of Rome, he then quoted an ancient line from Homer: A day will come when sacred Troy shall perish, and Priam and his people shall be slain.. Our main source for information about the Punic Wars is the . [245][246] Unlike most battles of the Second Punic War, the Romans had superiority in cavalry and the Carthaginians in infantry. Punic Wars, also called Carthaginian Wars, (264-146 bce), a series of three wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire, resulting in the destruction of Carthage, the enslavement of its population, and Roman hegemony over the western Mediterranean. [120], The Romans rebuilt their fleet again in 243BC after the Senate approached Rome's wealthiest citizens for loans to finance the construction of one ship each, repayable from the reparations to be imposed on Carthage once the war was won. Hamilcar Barca was called upon to raise the siege and did so, even though Carthage had refused him the much-needed supplies and reinforcements on his campaigns on her behalf and he had led most of these mercenaries in battle himself. [270] In the spring of 146BC the Roman army managed to secure a foothold on the fortifications near the harbour. [85] In 258BC a Roman fleet defeated a smaller Carthaginian fleet at the battle of Sulci off the western coast of Sardinia. [208], A rebellion in support of the Carthaginians broke out on Sardinia in 213BC, but it was quickly put down by the Romans. [229][235] The last Carthaginian-held city in Iberia, Gades, defected to the Romans. Further, Hannibal used counter-intelligence to reinforce and spread the rumor that Fabius refused to fight because he was in the pay of the Carthaginians. Diogenes. |revered|"Obedience is revered. [117][124], The Treaty of Lutatius was agreed by which Carthage paid 3,200 talents of silver[note 10] in reparations and Sicily was annexed as a Roman province. Do native English speakers have accents in other languages? According to legend, as Scipio Aemilianus watched the once-mighty city fall into utter ruin, he broke down in tears. Whenever Carthage petitioned Rome for redress, or permission to take military action, Rome backed its ally, Masinissa, and refused. With the Punic Wars, they got all the resources they needed from the Republic and from the Carthaginians. [237], In 213BC Syphax, a powerful Numidian king in North Africa, declared for Rome. Such Italian forces as were raised resisted operating away from their home cities and performed poorly when they did. [170] A large Roman army was lured into combat by Hannibal at the battle of the Trebia, encircled and destroyed. [105][106] In 250BC the Carthaginians advanced on Panormus, but in a battle outside the walls the Romans drove off the Carthaginian elephants with javelins. [83], Taking advantage of their naval victories the Romans launched an invasion of North Africa in 256BC,[86] which the Carthaginians intercepted at the battle of Cape Ecnomus off the southern coast of Sicily. The last holdouts, including Roman deserters in Carthaginian service, fought on from the Temple of Eshmoun and burnt it down around themselves when all hope was gone. Punic Wars, also called Carthaginian Wars, (264-146 bce), a series of three wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire, resulting in the destruction of Carthage, the enslavement of its population, and Roman hegemony over the western Mediterranean. Polybius gives 140,000 personnel in the Roman fleet and 150,000 in the Carthaginian; these figures are broadly accepted by historians of the conflict. [225] In 206BC the Carthaginians ended this drain on their resources by dividing several Numidian kingdoms with him. Significance of Punic Wars. "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. 1 / 29. First, the amount of casualties in numerous wars, such as the Punic Wars in which 300,000 were estimated to have died, negatively impacted the number of Roman farmers. Third Punic War (149 - 146 B.C) The third Punic War compound the belic conflict which led to the total eradication of the Carthaginian civilization and culture. and a major victory in the Battle of Ecnomus in 256 B.C. [21] It had conquered peninsular Italy south of the Arno River by 270BC, when the Greek cities of southern Italy (Magna Graecia) submitted after the conclusion of the Pyrrhic War. As you read this section, make note of what the United States created and what it valued. How did Rome's location near the Mediterranean Sea contribute to its growth? and ending in Roman victory with the destruction of Carthage in 146 B.C. All except the smallest towns were too well fortified for Hannibal to take by assault and blockade could be a long-drawn-out affair, or, if the target was a port, impossible. [196][197], Little survives of Polybius's account of Hannibal's army in Italy after Cannae and Livy is the best surviving source for this part of the war. [269], Scipio moved back to a close blockade of the city and built a mole which cut off supply from the sea. Hannibal was born in 247 B.C.E. [149] In 226BC the Ebro Treaty was agreed with Rome, specifying the Ebro River as the northern boundary of the Carthaginian sphere of influence. They led to the Roman Republic controlling much of the Mediterranean world, to the ruin of a great North African civilization, and to many modern people speaking a Latin-based or Latin-influenced language. [10] The details of the war in modern sources are largely based on interpretations of Polybius's account. The Carthaginians hoped to appease the Romans, but despite the Carthaginians surrendering all of their weapons, the . In 201 BCE, you have the end of the Second Punic War. World History Encyclopedia. This gave Rome full control of Sicily and Corsica. The World History Encyclopedia logo is a registered trademark. With those two men he was integral to Romes transition from republic to empire. Hannibal set an ambush and in the battle of Lake Trasimene completely defeated the Roman army, killing 15,000 Romans, including Flaminius, and taking 15,000 prisoners. Ben Kiernan. The Second Punic War began in 218BC and witnessed the Carthaginian general Hannibal's crossing of the Alps and invasion of mainland Italy. [17] Modern historians usually take into account the writings of various Roman annalists, some contemporary; the Sicilian Greek Diodorus Siculus; and the later Roman historians[14] Plutarch, Appian,[note 2] and Dio Cassius. Punic Wars, also known as Carthaginian Wars, occurred between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire from 264 to 146 bce. [229][231] Even so, many of them later fought against the Romans. [201] A second force, under Hannibal's youngest brother Mago, was meant to land in Italy in 215BC but was diverted to Iberia after the Carthaginian defeat there at the battle of Dertosa. Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University. hey adopted some elements of the Greek religion. [244] The decisive battle of Zama followed in October 202BC. When an epidemic spreads beyond a countrys borders, thats when the disease officially becomes a pandemic. What was the name of the Roman messenger of the gods? As a result of these three wars, Carthage was destroyed, its people were sold into slavery, and Rome gained control of the western Mediterranean.How did Rome change after the Punic Wars?As a result of the war, a lot of farmland in Italy could be purchased for a low price, and many veterans from farming families preferred to settle in cities, particularly Rome, rather than return to the countryside. How did the Punic Wars affect the development of the Roman Republic? Why were roads important to the military expansion of the Roman Republic? They concentrated their efforts on the conquest of Spain rather than trying to drive the Romans out of their former colonies. There was also extensive fighting in Iberia (modern Spain and Portugal), Sicily, Sardinia and North Africa. The Carthaginian formation collapsed; Hannibal was one of the few to escape the field. The Punic Wars: (264-241, 218-202, 149-146 B.C.). They favored the patrician class and did not like that Caesar was popular with the plebeians. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. This sealed the fate of the Carthaginians in Iberia. [240] Scipio gave battle to and destroyed two large Carthaginian armies. But wherever his main army was not active the Romans threatened Carthaginian-supporting towns or sought battle with Carthaginian or Carthaginian-allied detachments; frequently with success. The elephants routed through the Carthaginian infantry, who were then charged by the Roman infantry to complete their defeat. [62] This allowed Roman legionaries acting as marines to board enemy ships and capture them, rather than employing the previously traditional tactic of ramming. The Romans took the Punic Wars to be a purely military affair and used the military as the primary tool of warfare. Later on the 1203 Words; 5 Pages . In 263 the Romans advanced with a considerable force into Hierons territory and induced him to seek peace and alliance with them. Roman traders caught in Carthaginian waters were drowned and their ships taken. [36][37] When they did they fought as well-armoured heavy infantry armed with long thrusting spears, although they were notoriously ill-trained and ill-disciplined. But while in those years Carthage did nothinga number of Roman citizens voluntarily presented to the state a fleet of 200 men-of-war, carrying 60,000 troops. https://www.worldhistory.org/Punic_Wars/. [175][176], In early spring 217BC, the Carthaginians crossed the Apennines unopposed, taking a difficult but unguarded route. The name Punic comes from the word Phoenician (Phoinix in the Greek, Poenus from Punicus in Latin) as applied to the citizens of Carthage, who were of Phoenician ethnicity. [2][8] The modern historian Andrew Curry sees Polybius as being "fairly reliable";[9] Craige Champion describes him as "a remarkably well-informed, industrious, and insightful historian". The infantry from these areas were unarmoured troops who would charge ferociously, but had a reputation for breaking off if a combat was protracted. That's what makes the Punic Wars so difficult to understand. Roman trade slowed after Rome took over Carthage. The Carthaginian's superior seamanship was not as effective as they had hoped, while the Romans' corvus gave them an edge as the battle degenerated into a shapeless brawl. The Syracusan army proved no match for a Roman army led by Claudius Marcellus and by spring 213BC Syracuse was besieged. Punic Wars, also known as Carthaginian Wars, occurred between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire from 264 to 146 bce. Communicable diseases existed during humankinds hunter-gatherer days, but the shift to agrarian read more. [251], Under the pressure of the war, the Romans developed an increasingly effective system of logistics to equip and feed the unprecedented numbers of soldiers they field. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Disputes over what territory led to the First Punic War between Rome and Carthage? [182] Fabius introduced the Fabian strategy of avoiding open battle with his opponent, but constantly skirmishing with small detachments of the enemy. As a result of these three wars, Carthage was destroyed, its people were sold into slavery, and Rome gained control of the western Mediterranean. View Hannibal's campaign against Rome with the siege of Saguntum, The interval between the First and Second Punic Wars (241218, https://www.britannica.com/event/Punic-Wars, Humanities LibreTexts Library - The Punic Wars, UNRV History - The Punic Wars and Expansion, Punic Wars - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). How did patricians satisfy people at the end of the Roman Republic? Roman families prayed around shrines at home each day. read more, Beginning in the eighth century B.C., Ancient Rome grew from a small town on central Italys Tiber River into an empire that at its peak encompassed most of continental Europe, Britain, much of western Asia, northern Africa and the Mediterranean islands. Which statement provides evidence that Rome was a male-dominated society? The first war broke out after a group of mercenaries seized control of Messana The Punic Wars were a series of wars between 264 and 146BC fought between Rome and Carthage. In the Third Punic War, the Romans destroyed the city of Carthage in 146 B.C., turning North Africa into yet another province of the all-powerful Roman Empire. We would much rather spend this money on producing more free history content for the world. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. [139] These events fuelled resentment of Rome in Carthage, which was not reconciled to Rome's perception of its situation. The ruins of the city lie east of modern Tunis on the North African coast. How did the Etruscans influence the Roman economy? In either case, the Carthaginians argued that relationships entered into after the signing of the treaty were not covered by it. The origin of these conflicts is to be found in the position which Rome acquired, about 275 bce, as leader and protector of all Italy. How did taxes change over time for citizens who lived in Rome? The First Punic War (264-241 BC) The First Punic War was a conflict between Rome and Carthage. Punic Wars, or Carthaginian Wars, Three wars (264-241, 218-201, 149-146 bce) between Rome and Carthage. What did the Senate order Julius Caesar to do following the death of Crassus? He established conditions for future expansion. Omissions? This could be increased to 5,000 in some circumstances, Roman and Greek sources refer to these foreign fighters derogatively as "mercenaries", but the modern historian Adrian Goldsworthy describes this as "a gross oversimplification". [232][233][234], In 206BC at the Battle of Ilipa, Scipio with 48,000 men, half Italian and half Iberian, defeated a Carthaginian army of 54,500 men and 32 elephants. Prior to the conflict, Carthage had grown from a small port-of-call to the richest and most powerful city in the Mediterranean region before 260 BCE. The fighting took place primarily on Sicily and its surrounding waters, as well as in North Africa, Corsica and Sardinia. A second Roman fleet, which subsequently reached Africa after defeating the full Carthaginian fleet off Cape Hermaeum (Shark Peninsula), withdrew all the remaining troops. The triumvirate took control of the government. Below is the article summary. The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage between 264 and 146 B.C.E. Why did Rome declare war against Carthage in the Third Punic War? The Punic wars were a series of conflicts encompassing 43 years of war over more than a century, from 265 BCE to 146 BCE. The three Punic Wars between . Hamilcar Barca, the father of Hannibal, conquered much of coastal Spain in 237 BC. Punic Wars, also called Carthaginian Wars, (264146 bce), a series of three wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire, resulting in the destruction of Carthage, the enslavement of its population, and Roman hegemony over the western Mediterranean. Hannibals daring elephantine invasion of Rome reached its height at the Battle of Cannae in 216 B.C., where he used his superior cavalry to surround a Roman army twice the size of his own and inflict massive casualties. The approximate extent of territory controlled by Rome and Carthage immediately before the start of the First Punic War. [12][15][16] Several of the city states in southern Italy allied with Hannibal or were captured when pro-Carthaginian factions betrayed their defences. Punic Wars. Hannibal negotiated a treaty whereby Syracuse defected to Carthage, in exchange for making the whole of Sicily a Syracusan possession. [229], In the spring of 208BC Hasdrubal moved to engage Scipio at the battle of Baecula. Carthage withstood the Roman siege for two years before a change of Roman command put the young general Scipio Aemilianus (later known as Scipio the Younger) in charge of the North Africa campaign in 147 B.C. The territory and allies of Rome and Carthage immediately before the start of the Second Punic War. [163][225] Claudius Nero brought over reinforcements in 210BC and stabilised the situation. and ending in Roman . These conquests aroused the suspicions of Rome, which in a treaty with Hasdrubal confined the Carthaginians to the south of the Ebro. A friend of and mentor to Scipio Aemilianus, he was an eyewitness to the siege and destruction of Carthage in 146 B.C. [25] Relationships were good and the two states had several times declared their mutual friendship via formal alliances: in 509BC, 348BC and around 279BC. A gross breach of the treaty was perpetrated when a Roman force was sent to occupy Sardinia, whose insurgent garrison had offered to surrender the island (238). [163] The Roman commanders captured Saguntum in 212BC and in 211BC hired 20,000 Celtiberian mercenaries to reinforce their army. How did Julius Caesar influence the Roman leaders who came after him? Eventually, a herder found the boys and took them home. In 218 Hannibal attacked Roman territory, starting from Spain and . Two years later, Hannibal marched his army across the Ebro River into Saguntum, an Iberian city under Roman protection, effectively declaring war on Rome. Nevertheless, three years . Campaigns of the Second Punic WarYassineMrabet (GNU FDL). [126], The Mercenary, or Truceless, War began in 241BC as a dispute over the payment of wages owed to 20,000 foreign soldiers who had fought for Carthage on Sicily during the First Punic War. From this episode it became clear that Rome intended to use the victory to the utmost. [note 11][135][136] Weakened by 30 years of war, Carthage agreed rather than again enter into conflict with Rome. General Sulla was declared leader after a long civil war. [33] The balance were equipped as heavy infantry, with body armour, a large shield and short thrusting swords. As they had gone to war without Rome's approval, the Roman senate considered Carthage a threat to the peace again. Fall of Carthage. 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how did the punic wars affect carthage