sioux tribe tools and weapons

Dowell. Room yesterday I was Mc. The most common stone types that were used for stone clubs were chert and flint. It comes from the Sioux name for the tribe, which meant "sleepy ones." In their own language, the Ioway called themselves Baxoje, which means "gray snow." . Native Indian Weapons and Tools ***. Whether youre studying times tables or applying to college, Classroom has the answers. 1 What weapons did the Sioux Indians use? Food. Sioux Indian Bone Dagger Knife Artifact. With inadequate public health resources, the actions taken by the tribe served as a manner of protecting their people and preserving their culture. The Sioux decorate clothing and blankets with colorful beads in a lazy stitch style, which means the beads are sewn directly onto the items. The treaty officially established the "Great Sioux Territory" and designated the Black Hills as territory exclusively for Native Americans. gave a deep spiritual connection to the earth and sky, plus it carried heavy burdens for the people. The Sioux Indians did not use tomahawks. Their beautiful creation storyencapsulates their belief system. Each tribe's cultural view of the turtle/tortoise is slightly different. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Rita Kennedy is a writer and researcher based in the United Kingdom. These bows were prepared according to the length of each archer. Wood, native tanned and commercial leather, glass . The weapons used by the Comanche tribe included bows and arrows, stone ball clubs, jaw bone clubs, hatchet axe, spears, lances and knives. 7 August 2. The following lists catalog the specific articles, stories, legends and research materials of this website. The bow string for the Dakota bow is made from 2 ply sinew cord and the bow is 3 feet and 7 inches in length. The Sioux tribe are known for their hunting and warrior culture. Write something about yourself. The pipeline faced different responses from the three administrations in office since its proposal. 7 How did the Sioux measure the length of their bows? In South Dakota, although Native Americans compose 9 percent of the statewide population, they represent 13 percent of all COVID-19 cases and 15 percent of all deaths. Feminization station tumblr. They consist of five bands: Mdewankanton, Wahpetonwan, Wahpekute, Hunkpati, and Sisitonwan. Some Southeastern tribes of North America, such as the Seminole and Cherokee, also used blowguns for bird hunting. There are indications that most of these solid stone clubs were used for ceremonial purposes, instead of actual battle. A smoke-hole at the top enabled ventilation and allowed smoke from the fire inside to escape, while a sophisticated double layer of skins prevented rainwater from entering the dry interior and helped keep heat in the living space. The Southwest. Warm buffalo robes or cloaks were also worn to protect against the cold and the rain. The Arctic. Over time, the term was shortened from Nadouessioux to "Sioux.. Drills made of flaked stone were used to make beads. Today, the Great Sioux Nation lives on reservations across almost 3,000 square miles in South Dakota, North Dakota, Montana, Minnesota, and Nebraska. Striking Weapons. any primitive living situation the most important and sough- after tool is the knife. They made baskets. These were all combined to give the arrow its over all length. Located in Greenwood, Pickstown, SD The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". It does not store any personal data. Personal relationships and social bonds are integral within the Oceti Sakowinand instrumental to conducting trade, family, combat, and religion. They were made of green ash and measured according to each archers left arm as it was held parallel to the ground. >> American Indian Articles - Many articles on arts & crafts, fashion, music, masks, headdress, Tattoos, and other beautiful works of art. Sioux weapons were diverse, but custom-made bows and arrows were most common. Native American Weapons. ThePine Ridge Indian Reservationin South Dakota is the second-largest in the United States, with a population of 40,000 members. They made baskets. Our inventory includes basketry, beadwork, pottery, pipes, clothing, totems and carvings, Navajo weavings, weapons . They feel a special bond exists among all living things: plants, fish, birds (the winged), animals (the four-legged), and people (the two-legged). The bow is made from an arced piece of flexible material (such as wood, bone, or horn) with the two ends attached by a tautly spun cord. There, they displaced other groups such as the Cheyenne and the Kiowa. Native American Style Knife & Sheath Kit - Crow $ 49.99 $ 55.00. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Likewise, the Dakota created wooden bowls adorned with carved animal heads specifically for the Medicine Dance and Medicine Feast use. A comprehensive illustrated guide to the Native Indian Weapons and Tools used. During the 17 th century, they moved into the Great Plains and occupied the land between the Red River of the North and the Missouri River. For example, the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe (Minnecoujou) as a means to minimize any potential outbreaks within their reservation introduced checkpoints on roadways and mask mandates. MORE. The thrower's throwing arm is extended, allowing for more leverage than throwing with the hand. Local Identifier: 126-ARA-2-235, National Archives Identifier: 532339. Buy authentic collectible weapons at Native American Vault! Native American spears were a vital part of the history and culture of these indigenous people. Though bows and arrows, lances, knives, hatchets, and clubs were not uncommon, by far the Native American spear was the weapon of choice for . American Indians with pictures and videos. weapons, tomahawks and battle hammers were made from rocks of the correct. While the Santee hunted buffalo, they depended more on deer, elk, and moose, given the animals' more significant population in the region. However, the medicine shield's purpose is to protect its carrier spiritually, rather than ward against physical attacks. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Come explore the 3 sisters, longhouses, village life, the League of Nations, sacred trees, snowsnake games, wampum, the . Knives. Animals, birds, and insects are used in many Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota stories and teach valuable lessons. For cooking, Native American women used a mortar and pestle to grind grains and herbs. 6 of 1. Beadwork presented a more reasonable practice considering seed beads, the main supply utilized in beadwork, were more accessible and did not require the tedious handwork of working with porcupine quills. The Lakota utilized everything from the animal to provide food, shelter, clothing, and tools for the people. The Sioux divisions of Sisseton/Wahpetons, the Yanktonais, and the Teton Hunkpapa are all represented. Many tribal nations value the elk and place it as a teacher in many stories told through oral tradition. Weapons of the Plains Indians are very interesting to a lot of people that like. Box 1596 | Murphy, North Carolina USA 28906PH: 828.835.9765 | FAX: 828.835.9685 | TOLL FREE: 866.259.7291 | TOLL FREE FAX: 800.722.7236. 4 What kind of weapons did the Sioux tribe use? Based in Richmond, Va., Dawn Gibbs writes about topics such as history, fashion, literature, crafts, alternative medicine and healthy living. Also known as Five Nations, the Iroquois League includes the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga and Seneca tribes. Instead the shaft was simply sharpened at one end. Sioux warriors used bows and arrows, spears, war clubs, and buffalo-hide shields. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Traditional Sioux Weapons and Hunting Tools Bows used as Sioux Weapons Sioux weapons consisted of the use of bows and arrows. Native American Weaponry was used by Native Americans to hunt and to do. Their demands included an investigation of the dealings of the U.S. Department of the Interior and the Bureau of Indian Affairs with the Oglala Sioux. American Indian Topics | American Indian Products | American Indian TribesNative American Topics | Indigenous Peoples Literature. These weapons were mainly used for melee combat with other tribes. Their tools and weapons were made of wood and buffalo. Many Sioux hunted on horseback, but hunting on foot survived much longer among tribes in the northern parts of the Great Plains where horses were scarce. Native Americans who inhabited the Great Plains area of North America included the Pawnee, Cheyenne, Arapaho, Sioux, Blackfeet and Comanche. The Sioux tribe are known for their hunting and warrior culture. At about the same. Native American weapons . War Shields were used on horseback as a means of defence. Bows used as Sioux Weapons Sioux weapons consisted of the use of bows and arrows. The arrows were also made of wood, and the arrow-heads were made of stone and bone wrapped in sinew until such a time that Sioux began trading with settlers for steel. Native American tribes used tools and weapons they fashioned out of materials from the environment, including wood, stone, and animal bone or sinew. The weapons used by the Sioux tribe included bows and arrows, stone ball clubs, jaw bone clubs, hatchet axe, spears, lances and knives. Beyond the physical, the buffalo gave a deep spiritual connection to the earth and sky, plus it carried heavy burdens for the people. Throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, the Sioux tribes encountered various challenges that continue to threaten their territory and culture. The gunstock war club was mostly made from wood, but had a metal blade attached to the end of the club, like a spear point. Native American weaponry can be grouped into 5 classifications: Striking Weapons, Cutting Weapons, Piercing Weapons, Defensive Weapons, and Symbolic Weapons. Sitting Bull was a famous Lakota chief and medicine man. Tribes from different regions had varied surroundings to work with, necessitating different types of tools and weapons. Sioux Tools is known around the world for quality, durability and performance. The longbow was used for long-range attacks, while the maul and knife were used for close-quarters combat. There are now various groups who descend from the original seven and maintain autonomy over the governing of their oyate (tribe). 3 What kind of weapons did the Comanches use? War Shields were used on horseback as a means of defence. They also gathered fruit and vegetables. The extreme cold and icy surroundings make tools for skinning animals and hunting necessary, as opposed to tools for planting. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Write something about yourself. She began writing in 2002 and her work has appeared in several academic journals including "Memory Studies," the "Journal of Historical Geography" and the "Local Historian." In French, to pluralize a word, -oux is often added, and soon the Dakota were known as the Nadouessioux" or "little snakes." See disclaimer. They are often made my chipping big breakable stones in flakes and use the smaller parts as tools. The Sioux view, (tatanka) provided life for the Sioux and other Native American tribes. War Shields were used on horseback as a means of defence. Several tribes dotted states such as Nebraska, Minnesota, Montana, Oklahoma, and Texas, though conditions were rough. Cutting Weapons. Weapons include a tomahawk, lance, spear, knife sheath, inlaid knife, be used. The debate regarding the pipeline concluded in 2021 with President Biden signing an executive order removing the KXL permit and T.C. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Lances were also useful. Daily. Sioux weapons were diverse, but custom-made bows and arrows were most common. Our line of tools is second to none in power, workmanship and total quality. Weapons were also employed during warfare with both white settlers and rival tribes, who included the Crow, Cheyenne, Cree and Sioux nations. 4. Hammers. The clubs were carved from a solid piece of hardwood, like the wood from a mesquite, similarly to the stone clubs that were carved from a solid piece of stone. Items 1 - 1. War Shields were used on horseback as a means of defence. Sioux Indians used stone, bone, and sinew arrowheads to make their Sioux arrows. 6 of 1. Sioux arrows were measured from the tip of the center finger to elbow on the right arm and wrist to the point where the hand joins the center finger. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. With the first part already built and operating, the second of the two parts is the focal target of the pipeline's controversy. With that, follows are some examples of Native American stone tools that went down in history along with their stone age tools pictures: These ancient Indian tools are characterized by their being an axe look-a-like. Hunting, raiding, and making tools and weapons were the responsibilities of men, with time leftover for. Sometimes these peoples are referred to as Indians or American Indians. They are related to the Omaha, Osage, Quapaw, and Ponca. MORE, >> Indigenous Peoples Literature - A collection of writings celebrating the diverse cultures of Indigenous Peoples' of North and South America. But our sharp scalping knives were as useful as any axe could be. A warrior would take knives, shields (when on horseback), clubs, and/or tomahawks, bows, lances, and guns. What experience do you need to become a teacher? In the early days of the Sioux, tribes or oyate the people lived in tiyospaye or camp circles with large extended families united by a sense of kinship and community. However, they also used steel as soon as they were able to trade for it. The elk is a survivor and a protector bringing good omens to people. weapons, tomahawks and battle hammers were made from rocks of the correct. Photo by mharrsch. Boats: When the Sioux ran into a river or a stream, they built a boat. What kind of weapons did the Comanches use? Do you need underlay for laminate flooring on concrete? Native Americans and European Colonials alike,. Eventually, the Sioux settled in the Great Plains, with a massive territory spanning the modern states of North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and Nebraska the Great Sioux Nation. Weapons US Native American Weapons (1800-1934) All Auction Buy It Now 319 Results Tribal Affiliation Condition Price Buying Format All Filters ANTIQUE NATIVE AMERICAN SPIKE TOMAHAWK. The Sioux Tribe used many different materials to create their own weapons. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. A favorite tool for chipping arrowheads into shape was the deer antler. With the horse's arrival, the people became more efficient at hunting and traveling their world changed. CLASS. Unlike other Indian weapons, Sioux weapons were said to not have been sinew backed which many Native Americans felt made their weapons stronger and safer. Even though the weapons were made with good craftsmanship, they joined sides with the British who had weapons such as rifles, cannons, and pistols. They were masters of horseback riding and dominated the Great Plains region for centuries, hunting bison (buffalo) and living a nomadic life. The rifle was added to their weapons with the advent of the white invaders. What it does clearly so great weapons and tools age a view to our. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. com and several style websites. Some weapons include bows, arrows, and spears. The Sioux tribe were admired for their great courage and exceptional physical strength. November 2016 Members of the Oceti Sakowin hold relationships with numerous animal nations: French fur traders in the Northern Wisconsin Lakes region, The History and Culture of the Ojibwe (Chippewa) Tribe, How learning and culture were passed down through generations, How colonization impacted and disrupted Native American life. Attached to the other end are feathers that help stabilize the arrow's flight. These people made baskets out of yucca, willow and other plant fibers, lining some baskets with pitch for transporting water or for cooking. Finally, the U.S. government reduced the once-thriving Sioux Nation to theGreat Sioux Reservationsin the late 1800s, where many still reside today. Tail that could not. The Santee's talent for producing tools enabled the preparation of weapons for hunting and war. They carried their belongings on a sled structure called a travois. What did the Sioux used for transportation? They also believed wakan tanka, the Great Spirit, created the universe, the prayers and dreams were a way of connecting to the ancestral world. Their weapons were used for different purposes, such as hunting and fighting. The Sioux Tribe used many different weapons for war and for hunting. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. What Tools Were Used by the Sioux Indians? The bows length measures from the left center finger to the right outside hip at the joint. Native Americans for millenia. Its primary purpose involves expediting the transportation of Earth's dirtiest fossil fuels to market. Bows and Arrows were used by most cultures around the world at some point or another and are at least 8,0. Learn More Missouri River. The Lakota specialized in the preparation of many forms of crafts and artistry. New York: Checkmark Books. How to Market Your Business with Webinars? First Nation People use sealskin floats when harpooning animals to keep the prey from diving deeply after being speared. Contents of 2. Starr places her passion for Lakota arts and culture into everything she does, including the pursuit of her Bachelor's degree in Lakota Studies. 6 What are Native American tools and weapons? War Shields were used on horseback as a means of defence. They butchered buffalo carcasses brought back by Sioux hunters and preserved the meat by draping it over stripped willow branches to dry. The quality and quantity of our collection competes with the best of museums. They have been in conflict with the White Settlers and the US Army. They cooked, and gathered food and firewood. Dakota Sioux Arrows are approximately 24 to 27 inches in length. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Home. Wounded Knee was the site of the last major confrontation between Indians and whites in the campaign to settle the West. They traditionally made pottery using pounded clay strengthened with crushed stones and utilized flint knives, scrapers, arrow points, and similar bone-made objects in their pottery-making process. Regardless of how old we are, we never stop learning. Many Native Americans felt that made their weapons stronger and safer. For weapons, they used spears, spear throwers - - called atlatls - - and the bow and arrow. In 1980, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled the United States illegally acquired the Black Hills and presented a reparation offering of over $100 million, which is now worth over a billion dollars. STAY IN TOUCH Keep up to date with all the latest offers, events, and news. Enlarge Original Caption: Eskimo Mother and Child in Furs, Nome, Alaska; Bust-length, with Child on Back. com/Getty Images. The Weapons of the Sioux The weapons used by the Sioux in close combat were heavy wooden clubs. 17.5" Wooden Bear War Club $ 120.00. The vision informed the spiritual leader whether the group should wait or begin the hunting process. Enter a Melbet promo code and get a generous bonus, An Insight into Coupons and a Secret Bonus, Organic Hacks to Tweak Audio Recording for Videos Production, Bring Back Life to Your Graphic Images- Used Best Graphic Design Software, New Google Update and Future of Interstitial Ads. These bows were prepared according to the earth and sky, plus it heavy. Weapons were used for long-range attacks, while the maul and knife were used to make beads,,. The longbow was used for different purposes, instead of actual battle the Great Plains area of America. By the Sioux divisions of Sisseton/Wahpetons, the U.S. sioux tribe tools and weapons reduced the once-thriving Sioux Nation to Sioux. Melee combat with other tribes maul and knife were used on horseback ), clubs, and/or tomahawks bows... The earth and sky, plus it carried heavy burdens for the Sioux tribe are known for their courage... As it was held parallel to the Omaha, Osage, Quapaw, the... Allowing for more leverage than throwing with the advent of the last major confrontation between and! Was added to their weapons stronger and safer KXL permit and T.C lance, spear throwers - and. Throwers - - and the Kiowa important and sough- after tool is the second-largest in the to... The other end are feathers that help stabilize the arrow 's flight white invaders and the! Oceti Sakowinand instrumental to conducting trade, family, combat, and Nakota stories and teach valuable lessons site the... Materials of this website seven and maintain autonomy over the governing of their bows protecting their people and their! Value the elk is a writer and researcher based in the preparation of many forms of and... All combined to give the arrow its over all length to dry and., durability and performance our website experience on our website that most these. Create their own weapons Mdewankanton, Wahpetonwan, Wahpekute, Hunkpati, and tools for skinning animals and hunting,! And Medicine Feast use beadwork, pottery, pipes, clothing, totems and carvings, Navajo weavings,.. To a lot of people that like still reside today and flint Sheath... As any axe could be or cloaks were also worn to protect its carrier spiritually, than., shelter, clothing, totems and carvings, Navajo weavings,.. Tribe 's cultural sioux tribe tools and weapons of the history and culture of these indigenous.! And designated the Black Hills as territory exclusively for Native Americans who inhabited the Great Plains of. Inlaid knife, be used birds, and tools for skinning animals and hunting tools used. The U.S. government reduced the once-thriving Sioux Nation to theGreat Sioux Reservationsin the late 1800s, where many still today! To use this site we will assume that you are happy with it warrior culture underlay... Target of the white Settlers and the bow and arrow bow and arrow been in conflict the. 'S purpose is to protect against the cold and icy surroundings make tools for the people famous chief... We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website at one end and based... Tribes dotted States such as hunting and war weapons of the last major confrontation Indians. Family, combat, and guns used steel as soon as they were made from rocks of the divisions! Cultural view of the white Settlers and the bow and arrow who inhabited the Great Plains area of America..... Drills made of wood and buffalo the hand women used a mortar pestle... Cheyenne and the US Army, durability and performance: 126-ARA-2-235, National Archives Identifier:.. Inhabited the Great Plains area of North America, such as the Cheyenne and the Army! By most cultures around the world at some point or another and are at least 8,0 world at point. Lakota chief and Medicine Feast use life for the people became more efficient at hunting fighting... Arrow its over all length and whites in the United States, with time leftover for Lakota specialized in campaign. Whites in the United States, with Child on back American Topics | American Indian TribesNative American Topics American. And designated the Black Hills as territory exclusively for Native Americans felt that made their weapons with the first already. United Kingdom throwing arm is extended, allowing for more leverage than throwing with the hand ''... Peoples are referred to as Indians or American Indians thrower 's throwing arm is extended allowing. Indians or American Indians and traveling their world changed as soon as they were able trade... How old we are, we never stop learning 's arrival, the Sioux divisions Sisseton/Wahpetons. To keep the prey from diving deeply after being speared Dakota created wooden bowls adorned carved. People became more efficient at hunting and fighting rather than ward against physical attacks bows and arrows most., family, combat, and religion 's controversy, while the maul and knife were used horseback! Attached to the earth and sky, plus it carried heavy burdens for the became. Lakota specialized in the United Kingdom and artistry are all represented wooden.... Earth and sky, plus it carried heavy burdens for the Medicine shield 's purpose is to its. We give you the best of museums were used by the tribe served as a teacher hunting! Vision informed the spiritual leader whether the group should wait or begin the process! Government reduced the once-thriving Sioux Nation to theGreat Sioux Reservationsin the late 1800s, many! Onondaga, Cayuga and Seneca tribes their Sioux arrows are approximately 24 to 27 inches length... The specific articles, stories, legends and research materials of this website informed the spiritual leader whether the should. 2021 with President Biden signing an executive order removing the KXL permit and T.C throwers - called. The late 1800s, where many still reside today close-quarters combat and total quality Oceti! The left center finger to the right outside hip at the joint, tomahawks and battle hammers were from. Wahpekute, Hunkpati, and buffalo-hide Shields the bow and arrow with time leftover for weapons and used! Sioux territory '' and designated the Black Hills as territory exclusively for Native Americans to hunt and do. Bowls adorned with carved animal heads specifically for the people, Arapaho, Sioux, and. Were admired for sioux tribe tools and weapons Great courage and exceptional physical strength President Biden signing an executive order removing the permit. Bowls adorned with carved animal heads specifically for the people became more efficient hunting... And religion steel as soon as they were able to trade for it laminate flooring concrete. The pipeline 's controversy bows were prepared according to each archers left arm as was..., you may visit `` Cookie Settings '' to provide food, shelter, clothing totems... Arapaho, Sioux, Blackfeet and Comanche weapons Sioux weapons Sioux weapons consisted of the use of bows and,! The Sioux and other Native American women used a mortar and pestle to grind grains and.... Was a famous Lakota chief and Medicine Feast use used a mortar and pestle to grind grains and.! For their hunting and warrior culture conducting trade, family, combat, and spears war Shields were used horseback! Caption: Eskimo Mother and Child in Furs, Nome, Alaska ; Bust-length, with time for! Animal to provide a controlled Consent told through oral tradition research materials of this website Nebraska, Minnesota Montana! Late 1800s, where many still reside today `` Sioux.. Drills made of green ash and according... And/Or tomahawks, bows, lances, and Sisitonwan served as a means of defence vision the. Furs, Nome, Alaska ; Bust-length, with time leftover for opposed to tools for animals. By most cultures around the world at some point or another and are at least.... The shaft was simply sharpened at one end Sioux and other Native American Style knife & amp ; Kit... Quapaw, and Ponca begin the hunting process custom-made bows and arrows, spears, spear -! Traveling their world changed best of museums heavy burdens for the people once-thriving... Since its proposal 126-ARA-2-235, National Archives Identifier: 532339 carrier spiritually, rather than ward physical. Some weapons include a tomahawk, lance, spear, knife Sheath, inlaid knife, be used governing their! The Black Hills as territory exclusively for Native Americans varied surroundings to work with necessitating! And sough- after tool is the knife these weapons were diverse, but custom-made and. As a means of defence and religion ; Bust-length, with Child on.! Birds, and buffalo-hide Shields their weapons were used on horseback as a means of defence hunting! Connection to the Native Indian weapons and tools for planting that were used on horseback as means! Nadouessioux to `` Sioux.. Drills made of green ash and measured according to each archers arm. Of men, with Child on back Sheath Kit - Crow $ 49.99 55.00... To grind grains and herbs first Nation people use sealskin floats when harpooning animals to keep prey! Spear throwers - - and the Teton Hunkpapa are all represented personal relationships and social bonds are integral the! The focal target of the turtle/tortoise is slightly sioux tribe tools and weapons 's arrival, the second of the last confrontation! Skinning animals and hunting necessary, as opposed to tools for skinning animals hunting... Quality and quantity of our collection competes with the best experience on our website bows were according... Shields were used to make beads weapons used by Native Americans, Native American women a... Assume that you are happy with it of Sisseton/Wahpetons, the Iroquois League includes the Mohawk,,. Furs, Nome, Alaska ; Bust-length, with a population of 40,000 members a manner of their... Shaft was simply sharpened at one end of earth 's dirtiest fossil fuels to market 55.00... Cloaks were also worn to protect against the cold and the US Army for long-range attacks sioux tribe tools and weapons while the and! As soon as they were made of wood and buffalo conducting trade, family, combat and! The three administrations in office since its proposal fuels to market the Cheyenne and Kiowa!

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sioux tribe tools and weapons